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Soil Reports & Deep Foundations


Is your Geotech Report adequate for us to design your screw piles?



The usual report generated for a domestic site or for a small industrial/commercial building is conducted with a small drilling rig attached to a 4WD ute or similar. The soil types are catalogued and field readings taken with a DCP rod or Pocket Penetrometer.

The report is limited, often by budget, and will usually just classify the top couple of metres of soil.

The sub-soil types seen by screw pile installers in S.E. Queensland on the Gold and Sunshine Coasts are often many different layers of sands and clays or mixtures; sometimes interspersed with very thin, but hard layers of cemented sands or shells. (see Figure 1.0). These thin layers may not be adequate to found on depending on the load.
All layers need to be investigated to confirm thickness.

Erroneously - footings, bored piers or screw piles are founded on these hard thin layers without any knowledge of what is underneath.

Our experience has shown that underneath is most often soft clay and sometimes compressible estuarine or marine clay that is unsuitable for a foundation.


Classifications - If the soil is classed as suitable for high level footings then the report is probably adequate and useable for a footing design.

If the soil is classed as 'P' or incapable of supporting high level footings, then the report will probably recommend deep foundations (such as bored piers, hammered timber or steel piles/steel screw piles).

Sometimes these reports may identify a very dense layer for the piers to found on if it is close to the surface; however one perhaps being constrained by budget, will not investigate any deeper.


Summary in Brief

DCP/SPT/CPT read out needed, the larger the pile load the more important the requirement for SPT or CPT's
We use the numerical values from your report in design calculations for end bearing capability, shaft adhesion and negative shaft adhesion and settlement
Minimum DCP we look for in domestic construction is 10 blows/100mm
We ignore visual observation & Pocket Penetrometers as we prefer to go on actual investigation results

NB: DCP's may not be very accurate in situations where deep probes are made and in some soil types the reading can be misleading due to the sleeve friction.


Deep Foundations Figure 1.0

Herein is the problem with the soil reports that causes grief to many builders using deep foundations when they end up much deeper (and more expensive) than expected.

The soil reports often do not clearly identify that a further and deeper investigation is needed.

We can torque up a screw pile in a dense layer until it meets its torque requirement and appears to satisfy the SWL requirement. This is meaningless if it is sitting 200mm above a soft layer as it can punch through and building settlement occurs. Only an expensive static load test will identify that potential problem.
Conversely if the layer is several metres thick then it may be possible to found the piles in that layer if we have confidence that the Geotechnical capacity of the soils below that.

In order to design screw piles for your project, we need some definitive results from your Geotech report.

Actual DCP, SPT or CPT results are required to accurately design your piling system.

If your soil report recommends piles and does not identify the soil capabilities for 2 plus metres beneath their base; then you probably need to commission a deeper examination. Your Geotechnical Engineer or Structural Engineer will advise the appropriate methods, such as a continuous CPT probe with Pore Pressure and Sleeve Friction readings or deep Borelogs with SPT density sampling every metre, taken with a heavier drill truck. If the Engineer is not sure of our requirements, he can contact us to discuss further.

Don't waste your money on foundations that could potentially fail. Find out what is beneath your foundations and be sure that they will support your building.

By spending a small amount of money up front and obtaining a quality Geotech Report, we can actually save you money in the long run.

A recent example - Broadwater Sugar Mill NSW:
By having SPT results, at the building location, which went some 8m deeper than the final founding depth, we were able to confidently design the piles. The installation process involved torque measurements of all piles every 500mm to correlate the installation with the design.
This resulted in a 35% saving on piling costs on a major project by using a quality report which enabled the pile design to be completed with a high level of confidence.

Here at Russell Heale, we are dependent on the accuracy of the soil report which is supplied, as it is impossible to go out on every site to make our own personal observations. Our Screw Piling quotes are always based on this report. Variations are extra, however we prefer to have it right and know what we would be up against before going on-site. We are always concerned about the 'confidence' level with your pile.

Should you or your engineer need further advise, please give us a call on:
(07) 5593 7755